Colori e tecnologia

Il museo Brandhorst a Monaco di Sauerbruch Hutton

             


Il Brandhorst Museum di Monaco, in Germania, rappresenta probabilmente ad oggi la più brillante opera dello studio berlinese fondato nel 1989 da Louisa Hutton e Matthias Sauerbruch che attualmente ospita novanta collaboratori impegnati in diversi progetti in tutta Europa.

Sauerbruch Hutton ha spesso richiamato l’attenzione della critica internazionale per l’impegno in soluzioni architettoniche e urbanistiche sostenibili che traducono in spazi sinuosi e sofisticate facciate come avvenne per l’edificio GSW di Berlino 1999 o la sede del ministero dell’’ambiente a Dessau (2005) ritenuti ormai casi studio di design sostenibile per ambienti di lavoro.

Il museo Brandhorst ospita una considerevole collezione privata di opere d’arte del Ventesimo secolo e contemporanee. L’edificio si presenta come un unico corpo allungato che in realtà è composto da tre volumi interconnessi. La sua testata marca l’angolo nord-ovest del quartiere dei musei di Monaco e crea un collegamento con il quartiere limitrofo di Schwabing. L’architettura del museo è stata concepita al fine di creare le condizioni di illuminazione naturale ideali per un ambiente espositivo, ma al tempo stesso attraverso l’incredibile dinamicità del suo rivestimento rivendica con vigore l’energica e dirompente forza in continua trasformazione dell’arte contemporanea.



Entrandovi colpisce l’estrema sobrietà degli spazi interni, i quali, anche se sempre in una sofisticata eleganza, formano uno sfondo non invasivo alle opere esposte. Una deliberata sottile differenzazione delle sale viene raggiunta tramite la diversa qualità di luce naturale, le sequenze e le variazioni delle dimensioni spaziali. Come detto il museo si dispone su tre livelli connessi tra loro che sfruttano differenti soluzioni d’illuminazione naturale: se al piano sotterraneo un ampio patio illuminato a giorno forma il punto focale di una sequenza di sale dedicate all’arte grafica al piano terra le sale sono illuminate da un sistema di luce naturale zenitale introdotta tramite un complesso sistema di riflessioni;  all’ultimo piano la luce naturale penetra invece più liberamente in tutte le gallerie.

A interni come detto mai invasivi si contrappone  il rivestimento esterno, protagonista intenso che evidenzia il ruolo dell’edificio come contenitore di arte vibrante e mai immota.

Sono 36.000 i listelli in cotto (con una superficie in ceramica e una campitura di 23 colori diversi) che compongono il gigantesco mosaico di lamelle verticali attentamente studiato per sfruttare ogni singola variazione di luce bavarese.



Questo strato esterno si sovrappone ad una lamina metallica bicolore forata che ha funzione fonoassorbente nei confronti del rumore del traffico. La percezione della facciata si modifica così in relazione al punto di vista dell’osservatore: la sovrapposizione di linee orizzontali e verticali in combinazione con le fusioni cromatiche creano impressioni percettive multiple e in condizioni atmosferiche diverse l’edificio sembra davvero in grado di poter dare emozioni differenti.

Non è questa però solo un’opera che gioca con la percezione visiva degli spazi, è anzi soprattutto una best practice in progettazione sostenibile. Lo studio Saurbruch Hutton ha infatti sviluppato una strategia innovativa che permette al museo di risparmiare fino al 50% di energia termica e 26% dell’energia elettrica paragonato a edifici di simili dimensioni. Di conseguenza le emissioni di CO² connesse sono ridotte a 356 tonnellate/anno: il raffreddamento e il riscaldamento avviene tramite energia geotermica, ricavata grazie a una pompa di calore ad assorbimento. L’edificio inoltre ricicla i rifiuti energetici degli imponenti edifici limitrofi, che riscaldano in modo considerevole l’acqua del sottosuolo. In questo modo il museo non solo sfrutta l’energia esistente e quella delle risorse naturali, ma aiuta anche a restaurare l’equilibrio termico delle acque locali. Un sistema di raffreddamento e riscaldamento è installato sotto le superfici di pavimenti e muri creando condizioni climatiche stabili e idonee per le opere d’arte esposte.



Come affermano gli stessi progettisti l’edificio riduce di circa la metà la necessità d’uso di sistemi di condizionamento meccanico. Grazie ai sofisticati sistemi di illuminazione naturale, la luce naturale viene usata per il 50-75% durante l’orario di apertura del museo. Questo non solo offre una qualità notevole dell’illuminazione delle opere d’arte ma porta anche a considerevoli risparmi dei costi di regime del museo il quale a soli due anni dalla sua inaugurazione è già divenuto uno dei luoghi preferiti dai turisti che visitano la città.

Resta da chiedersi in conclusione se l’anonima soluzione dell’ingresso dell’edificio sia voluta o meno, particolare che in un edificio così importante non passa certo inosservato anche se mitigato all’interno dalla ben realizzata caffetteria, molto apprezzata dagli stessi abitanti locali per le proprie pause pranzo.

Ancora una volta i colori della tecnologia di Saurbruch Hutton hanno premiato la coppia di progettisti: il museo si è infatti aggiudicato la medaglia d’argento al Premio Internazionale Architettura Sostenibile 2011.



Si ringrazia per immagini e testi lo studio Sauerbruch Hutton di Berlino.



Postato nella categoria: Premio Architettura Sostenibile.

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